Counseling for Related Professions Practice Test

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• Disability is defined as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity.
• Stuart prefers to use more general interventions with his clients who are more diverse than he is. This is considered an etic approach.
• The counselor's response to 'Yeah. I feel so hopeless and helpless.' is best described as which counseling technique?
• Which approach examines the messages received about what it means to be male or female and their impact on functioning?
• The term that describes the interplay of external conditions and counselor traits is:
• Which of the following outcomes is most likely if a counselor experiences therapeutic impairment?
• In the medical model of psychotherapy, who is considered the expert when someone has a problem and needs help?
• Chronic Risk refers to a long-term presence of risk that may or may not require urgent care or immediate intervention. Which term is this?
• Which term means being truthful in professional actions with clients and others?
• Unconditional positive regard is the counselor's ability to accept every aspect of the client's personality while remaining nonjudgmental.
• In counseling, a paradigm is best described as?
• Adlerian theory's concept of social interests is demonstrated when a client becomes more involved with which group?
• Which of the following groups has an increased risk for lower academic achievement?
• Psychodrama is particularly known for which activity?
• Which principle is about doing good and promoting the well-being of clients?
• What term describes a system in which a client earns tokens for target behaviors and loses tokens for other behaviors?
• Outcome research in counseling is best described as focusing on what?
• A code of ethics is based on six moral principles. Which of the following is one of those principles?
• Which term encompasses states such as identifying as spiritual but not religious, religious but not spiritual, both, or neither?
• Which principle is most directly associated with truth-telling and honesty?
• Emic perspective in counseling emphasizes what?
• Which term describes adherence to belief systems, traditions, and community worship as a framework for spirituality?
• Which tool helps counselors identify cultural aspects that influence family members' behaviors?
• Which learning theory explains learning via the association of two stimuli?
• Non-maleficence in counseling ethics refers to avoiding harm to clients. True or False?
• Which term involves vicarious physical or emotional stress from knowledge about a significant other experiencing a traumatizing event and stress from wanting to help the victim?
• The statement 'The person on Victoria's lawn had committed suicide' is true or false?
• Which of the following correctly lists the three goals of the Basic Listening Sequence?
• Which concept is demonstrated when client and counselor expectations influence outcomes as much as the theories used?
• The ADA stands for which of the following?
• In meta-analysis, what is the meaningfully quantitative index used to summarize results across studies?
• In counseling practice, intake refers to the process of what?
• Which term refers to the overarching ideas that guide how counselors conceptualize client problems and plan interventions?
• Which term describes the specific exhaustion with spiritual dimensions as part of burnout?
• Which term describes positive changes resulting from struggles with a major life crisis?
• Meta-analysis is defined as which of the following?
• A significant factor of Bowen Family Therapy is being able to stand up for yourself against the pressures of others.
• Ethical standards are developed by which entity to guide the behavior of a specific group of professionals?
• Which method organizes beliefs into categories to illustrate the organization of one's system of understanding and operating?
• In which decade did U.S. culture begin embracing personal growth and self-awareness as a form of therapy?
• Which term best describes the bond and collaboration between client and counselor that constitutes the therapeutic alliance?
• Which principle is defined as doing good or what is best for the client?
• Psychodrama is best described as which form of therapy?
• Which concept describes the description of the specific ways in which individuals communicate their attachment needs to significant others?
• Which term refers to an ethnic group conforming to the values of the dominant culture?
• Which statement best reflects the wellness perspective's view of counseling outcomes?
• Which term describes individuals' sense of belonging to an ethnic group?
• A client begins to treat the therapist as if the therapist were a significant figure from the client's past.
• In the scenario with Rodney and Linda, Erford would likely identify the main problem as
• Which term refers to the emotional and mental wounds that challenge one's beliefs, security, thoughts, and feelings, and undermine one's ability to cope?
• Which two mental health issues are commonly treated under the medical model and are also frequent targets of alternative, non-medical treatments?
• In a survey, counseling clients rated non-verbal communication as the least important factor of building a working alliance with counselors.
• Coping is defined as which of the following?
• Religiosity is best described as a framework for organizing one's spirituality, including belief systems, traditions, and community worship.
• Which of the following is an effective measure to protect counselors from stress exposure?
• Which element is essential to effectiveness alongside a positive counselor-client relationship, according to the material?
• What are common factors in counseling?
• In the physical sense, trauma refers to which of the following?
• Relational competence is the ability to:
• Which statement best differentiates stress from distress?
• Questioning is a primary skill that allows counselors to do what?
• The rise of large-scale testing created a need for more clinicians to do what?
• What overall type of counseling approach do school counselors tend to use?
• Jill tells her friend, 'This counselor doesn't seem to pay any attention to me. I don't think she even wants to help me.' According to Erford, the counselor may be lacking ____________ with Jill.
• Justice refers to which concept?
• Overshooting in counseling occurs when the counselor reflects a feeling that is
• The science of helping implies treatment decisions are informed by:
• Which theory explains the drive to seek closeness and reassurance through relationships?
• Which type of summary is most associated with pulling together information at the start of a session?
• Self-actualization refers to which tendency?
• Counselor Edward tells his 14-year-old client Erica, 'You don't really want to get mixed up with a gang, do you?' This is an example of:
• What term describes a systematic set of helping actions aimed at reducing initial post-trauma distress and supporting short and long-term adaptive functioning?
• Which term focuses on biases that privilege men over women?
• Qualitative analysis in counseling research is best described as which of the following?
• The Double ABC-X Model addresses the existence of accumulated unresolved issues and stressors that a family may be facing at any given time.
• _______ stems from a cognitive processing change, and it occurs when counselors connect with clients' pain and feel the cumulative impact of that pain.
• A acutely suicidal individual is most likely to have recently experienced which type of event?
• Which term describes a cognitive processing change due to exposure to clients' trauma via empathic engagement?
• Reflecting feelings in counseling aims to help the client do what?
• During the ______ phase of the cycle of violence theory, the abuser asks for forgiveness and may bring the abused partner gifts.
• Which type of summary is designed to signal that the session can move on after capturing the topic's essence?
• Which term refers to public information that encourages the public to become aware of environmental factors that act as barriers to all individuals' human development?
• Vicarious traumatization is best described as:
• Which dimension of spirituality includes the drive for creativity, love, relationships, and personal growth?
• The active placebo effect is defined as
• The statement 'The person on Victoria's lawn had committed suicide' is false. True or False?
• Educational records include which of the following?
• Sexism is negative beliefs and behaviors about the ways in which women should be treated based on the notion that femininity is of low value and less healthy than masculinity, is closely associated with the concept of androcentrism.
• Advocacy Counseling not only includes the actions of professional counselors on behalf of clients, but also includes professional counselors intervening with systems and organizations relevant to clients. Which term is this?
• Which principle demands avoiding harm to others?
• In crisis assessment, which pair best describes the sentence: '_______ are possibilities and the _______ are specific behavioral indicators that are probabilities'?
• Which term best describes the process by which a person adopts the customs and values of another culture?
• Jen suggests her client Greg snap a rubber band around his wrist each time he feels tempted to smoke a cigarette. What theory is this most likely to come from?
• Racial identity is defined as the psychosocial orientation toward membership in a racial group based partly on what?
• In Western cultures, the average physical distance for conversation is typically 4-6 feet.
• Frank Parsons is best known for founding which field?
• Outcome research answers which question about counseling?
• Which term is defined as the imposition of an object, label, role, experience, or set of living conditions that is unwanted, is painful, and detracts from the physical and psychological well-being of the client?
• Summarizing in counseling is best described as
• In this process individuals may identify as spiritual but not religious, religious but not spiritual, religious and spiritual, or neither.
• If a client expresses an imminent plan to harm themselves or others, what action aligns with the duty to warn?
• In the scenario at a faith-based agency, which ethical principle is violated when the counselor pressures a client to remain in their faith?
• Bonadaptation refers to which of the following?
• Which principle concerns keeping promises and being trustworthy in professional relationships?
• Snyder's 2000 Hope Theory posits that successful counseling outcomes depend on which two elements?
• Encouraging a client to keep a journal and attend mindfulness classes is most closely an example of which type of summary?
• Which of the following is NOT a core action associated with psychological first aid?
• According to existential theory, how might Terry best improve her life?
• Which of the following is not a typical goal of psychological first aid?
• Which theory posits that individuals have an intrinsic drive to form interpersonal relationships for reassurance and to be loved?
• Which concept focuses on how individuals interpret events through their own experiences and beliefs?
• Which term describes an individual's sense of belonging to an ethnic group?
• Which term describes the phenomenon when a client projects emotions from past experiences onto the counselor and the counseling relationship?
• Becoming less assertive and more attuned to the needs of others is a goal of Feminist Therapy.
• In Freudian theory, the ego operates under which principle?
• Poverty and mental illness are rarely connected to each other.
• ______ entails adaptation to adversity and stressors, such as relational, financial, or workplace problems.
• Burnout is characterized by long-term emotional and interpersonal stressors resulting in...
• Privileged communication is described as communication that exists by statute and applies only to what context?
• ______ refers to a long term presence of risk that may or may not necessitate urgent care, immediate hospitalization, or immediate intervention.
• According to Chapter 4, why is the use of theory in counseling primarily important?
• Which concept involves encouraging individuals to learn about diverse cultural groups and contribute to society?
• Existentialism emphasizes the capacity for self-awareness and freedom to make meaning.
• In the ABC-X Model, what does C stand for?
• Advocacy in counseling refers to the efforts of professional counselors to support clients based on clients' needs or some social cause. Which term is this?
• Which concept focuses on the capacity for self-awareness and choice to create meaning in life?
• Active placebo describes that counselor and client expectations play a major role in the helping process. Which option reflects this idea?
• Which statement best describes the role of reflecting feelings?
• Privileged communication is described as existing by statute and applying only to which context?
• Erford writes that this/these counseling factor(s) is/are a part of almost every counseling theory:
• Which concept suggests that people create their own meaning and realities based on personal experiences?
• The basic counseling paradigm describes:
• A culturally encapsulated counselor is best described as someone who...
• Racial identity and ethnic identity are the same thing.
• Which term refers to positive shifts that occur when one exerts control over a problem and begins to create a new story?
• The purpose of minor consent laws is to allow certain minors to seek treatment without parental consent for which conditions?
• Autonomy refers to what concept?
• Therapeutic alliance refers to which of the following?
• Genuineness is best described as which?
• Which term describes an action plan that outlines clear and specific goals in a step-by-step method for implementing change that also shows how to use resources effectively and anticipate difficulties?
• Professional school counselors are employed by schools and provide ___________ counseling services at the school sites.
• Gender is a concept that involves attitudes, behaviors, and relationships associated with being male and female; this concept includes, but is not limited to, biological sex.
• Which concept emphasizes valuing individual characteristics for what they are, regardless of predefined categories?
• True or False: The way a counselor dresses can be part of the active placebo effect.
• Gatekeeping in counseling refers to what process?
• In counseling, what is the role of theories?
• Multicultural counseling takes into account which factors?
• Which therapy is primarily associated with focusing on the present and making choices to influence outcomes?
• Which term is defined as the process by which women come to know themselves in a gendered world?
• In the ABC-X Model, what does X primarily represent?
• Which statement correctly identifies one of the six moral principles used in ethics?
• Which practice is recommended to manage the risk of co-traumatic effects?
• True or False: The Cold War has been blamed for reductions in funding for school counseling and guidance.
• What ethnic group in the US struggles with being regarded as a 'model minority'?
• Which ACA Professional Responsibility standard is addressed when a counselor postpones seeing clients to mourn a father's death?
• Negligence may be found if the wrong committed resulted in injury or damage due to a breach of what?
• In the ABC-X Model, what does A stand for?
• Which term corresponds to the morality principle in psychodynamic theory?
• Which of the following is a core action of psychological first aid?
• Which type of summary is used to recap progress and agreements at the end of a session?
• Therapeutic impairment occurs when there is a significant negative impact on a counselor's professional functioning which compromises client care; factors include substance abuse, mental illness, personal crisis, or physical illness. Which term is this describing?
• Which term refers to family unity, loyalty, and respect?
• Minor Consent Laws typically allow certain minors to seek treatment in which areas without parental consent?
• Which term describes the duty to keep commitments and be loyal to clients and the profession?
• What is the primary purpose of adopting an open, relaxed, and attentive body posture?
• Which concept describes maintaining one's individuality in the face of group pressures?
• Every counseling interaction can be seen as cross-cultural.
• Undershooting in counselor responses occurs when the counselor reflects a feeling that is
• A key feature of Bowen Family Therapy is encouraging individuals to assert themselves against the pressures of others.
• All of the following are identified as resiliencies in The Resilient Self EXCEPT
• Child abuse is defined as physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or exploitation, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under what conditions?
• Androcentrism refers to masculinity as the ideal trait for which humans strive that has associated privileges of greater wealth and power in relationships.
• Clinical efficacy studies are described as...
• Premature termination in counseling is described as problematic regardless of which factors?
• Verbal underlining is defined as what?
• Which of the following best defines therapeutic impairment in counselors?
• Which is not one of the four self-tests to consider as a counselor makes an ethical decision?
• Which of the following is a primary critique associated with the early guidance movement?
• Which strategy may help counselors attenuate their exposure to stress?
• Distress refers to stress that is perceived in what way?
• A counselor does not have to abide by confidentiality laws after a client's death. True or False?
• Accepting a client's invitation to attend her graduation ceremony: the ethical code is clear that this is wrong. True or False?
• The counselor's response to 'I'm so angry that my parents are divorcing... has really left you with intense feelings' is most accurately an example of:
• Which tool helps map family relationships across generations to assess cultural influences?
• According to the material, poverty and mental illness are rarely connected.
• Schools and agencies must report claims of child abuse by families to the families themselves.
• Treatment efficacy refers to what?
• Which term indicates a high probability of imminent harm, requiring urgent attention within 24 hours?
• Frank Parsons is best known for founding which field?
• The term that describes the stereotype of a minority who is perceived as successful and well-behaved is?
• Which research aims to determine how well interventions work in real-world settings across diverse populations?
• Eustress is best described as stress resulting from which of the following?
• Which statement is inconsistent with culturally competent counseling?
• Under which circumstance may confidential information be disclosed without the client's consent?
• Which term refers to barriers that are inherent in societal systems (e.g., prejudice, social class)?
• Which of the following is considered a component of a crisis?
• Counselors can break client confidentiality if they feel clients can benefit from it.
• Which statement correctly describes the relationship between trauma and PTSD?
• Andres's therapist Max confronted him about his lack of willingness to make decisions. What theory is Max most likely working from?
• What is the primary goal of counseling in the wellness perspective?
• In psychoanalysis, the phenomenon where a therapist's reactions to a client reflect the therapist's own past experiences is called?
• Which term describes making conscious and intentional decisions?
• Which statement best characterizes educational records?
• Which concept involves adopting the client's frame of reference to understand their experience?
• Which term describes drawing techniques from multiple theories as fits the client, without attempting to merge them into one framework?
• The growth of psychometrists highlights the importance of what in counseling practice?
• Which statement about open questions is true?
• Which figure advocated that teachers should provide weekly lessons focusing on character, problem solving, and prevention to restore moral fiber?
• Disability can be considered as a what kind of factor in counseling?
• Counselor Ho Jin finds herself deeply frustrated with her client, because he reminds her so much of her abusive father. According to psychoanalysis, what is happening?
• The concept that describes the approach for understanding the human condition in all its forms is:
• Which statement reflects the relationship between disability and culture in counseling?
• The mental-hygiene movement shifted the view of the mentally ill from irrecoverably sick individuals to individuals in need of help and focused on?
• Which strategy may help counselors attenuate their exposure to stress?
• Which statement best differentiates civil liability from malpractice?
• Which term best describes a plan that outlines clear and specific goals in a step-by-step method for implementing change and uses resources effectively?
• According to the textbook, what percentage of US citizens identify as belonging to a racial/ethnic minority group?
• What term describes a formal statement of expected professional conduct?
• What is the current trend in field-based research in counseling?
• When unattended stress and co-traumatic effects begin to have a significant negative impact on a counselor's professional functioning, the counselor is at risk of
• According to the material, changes occur within what?
• In the section on the helping process, Sharfstein is noted as saying that while relationships are good for people receiving counseling, professionals need to focus on crisis work and treatment planning in order to be effective.
• Which description best captures the dimension of spirituality that involves the search for meaning and purpose?
• Existential counselors use a number of systematic techniques in working with clients.
• In PTSD, which symptom category includes vivid nightmares and flashbacks?
• In some contexts, Feminist Therapy can be seen as culturally inconsistent.
• Here and now refers to being present in the current moment.
• Which term reflects positive changes resulting from struggles with a major life crisis?
• Acute Risk indicates a strong probability that someone will be injured or dead within about 24 hours. Which term is this?
• Multiculturalism began to be more present in the counseling world in the:
• Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the claim that the medical model speeds recovery?
• Confidentiality means clients can share sensitive information and must trust counselors not to disclose without permission. Which term is this describing?
• Reality Therapy focuses on which domain?
• Which statement best describes an etic approach in counseling?
• Which term best describes using the best parts of several theories in a cohesive way to guide practice?
• Best practice guidelines are not ethics per se but do what?
• Which principle is about avoiding harm to clients?
• Sally and Josh share the belief that his difficult childhood influences his ability to form and maintain relationships. This shared belief about the origin of a problem is called a:
• Which term describes a syndrome sometimes experienced by helping professionals who constantly treat clients in crisis or experiencing pain and suffering?
• In counseling, what is the primary goal of crisis work?
• Countertransference is best described as what?
• Which statement about existential theory is supported by the described Case of Terry?
• Which concept is characterized by accepting every aspect of the client's personality without judgment?
• The 'thousand voices' a client hears refers to:
• The counselor's statement 'It sounds like you don't know if long-term relationships are worth the risk and possibility of loss' illustrates which technique?
• Which stage describes a person who has not yet considered changing behavior?
• Which intervention is described as critical to long-term favorable outcomes after a crisis event?
• As a culturally competent counselor, Anne knows her job is to encourage all of her clients to fit in better in the general population.
• Closed questions typically elicit which type of responses?
• Signal summaries are used to
• Malpractice is professional misconduct in the application of skills or performance in the discharge of professional duties. Which option matches this definition?
• Which option best describes the type of error when a counselor mirrors emotion beyond what the client has expressed?
• The practice that involves applying research to address real-world problems in counseling settings is called:
• Which statement about the historical treatment of people with psychiatric issues in the 1800s is true?
• Planning summaries are used to
• What does Erford say is one of the most crucial parts of counselor development?
• Alfred Adler was a student of Sigmund Freud, and most scholars believe their theories are virtually indistinguishable.
• Self-talk is best described as:
• Which concept means relying on knowledge of approaches and applying what seems to fit at a given time?
• Psychological trauma is defined as which of the following?
• Which term best describes positive changes after struggling with a major life crisis?
• Racism is the classification of groups of individuals based on physical characteristics, such as skin color, eye shape, and hair texture, and inappropriately ascribing intellectual, physical, and psychological traits to them.
• How is the etic approach best described in cross-cultural counseling?
• Hyperarousal in PTSD typically includes which features?
• Which statement best captures the idea of common factors as described in the material?
• Which approach would you use to explore messages about gender socialization and their effects on behavior?
• Open questions are known to help clients feel more 'in charge' of their own stories.
• Rapport refers to which of the following?
• Open questions usually elicit fuller and more meaningful responses by encouraging the client to talk at greater length. Which option best describes open questions?
• Transgender is used to identify individuals who permanently or periodically do not identify with the gender assigned to their biological sex at birth.
• Counselor Characteristics are defined as:
• One limitation of person-centered theory is its lack of multicultural application.
• Which term refers to changes in beliefs about safety and trust resulting from ongoing exposure to trauma populations?
• Following a crisis event, research indicates that which type of intervention is critical to long-term favorable outcomes?
• In the early 1900s, a person living in Boston seeking career guidance would most likely have worked with:
• The ability to establish and maintain the helping relationship is known as:
• What was the primary criticism leveled at the early guidance movement?
• When an individual settles into a residual state of crisis that is long-term and lingering, with or without PTSD, it is referred to as
• The scientist-practitioner model emphasizes what?
• Reflecting skills involve which technique?
• Counseling is one of the oldest mental health disciplines.
• Which situation best illustrates the duty to warn for a professional counselor?
• Which concept involves loyalty, faithfulness, and honoring commitments?
• Behaviorism's relationship to the medical model is best described as which of the following?
• Lance's counselor encourages him to become more involved with his friendship group. Lance's counselor is using the Adlerian principle of:
• What term best fits the description: 'a set of interrelated skills used to achieve three overarching goals'?
• Civil liability refers to committing a wrong between individuals. Which option best matches this statement?
• Which best describes the purpose of a peer consultation group for crisis counselors?
• Premature termination in counseling is typically considered which of the following?
• In developing CBT, Aaron Beck theorized that which of the following determines how we feel?
• According to Terry, how might a behaviorally based therapist challenge Terry?
• Studies indicate that clinical practitioners typically do what regarding active research?
• Resilience involves adaptation to adversity in which areas?
• Risk groups for which suicide rates are high include all of the following EXCEPT:
• The Psychodynamic theoretical belief that personality is completely formed in childhood is:
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) comprises which set of symptom categories?
• In the given material, which term is associated with the pleasure principle?
• Since coming out as gay, Trish only wants to spend her time with other people who identify as sexual minorities. Which stage of sexual identity development is Trish most likely in?
• Etic perspective in counseling emphasizes what?
• What is the purpose of a code of ethics in counseling?
• Which action is a recommended guideline in crisis counseling?
• Which psychotherapist started a movement toward using the term 'client' instead of the term 'patient' for people seeking therapy?
• Acutely suicidal individuals may have recently experienced which of the following?
• Which of the following statements about the early history of counseling is true?
• Reality therapy focuses on:
• Erford notes that matching a client's vocal tone can help them calm down.
• Which research method focuses on identifying robust trends across multiple studies, clients, and contexts?
• Which term describes oppression that occurs when another entity imposes an object, label, role, experience, or set of living conditions that is unwanted, is painful, and detracts from the physical and psychological well-being of the client?
• Which interviewing technique is demonstrated by the question about gang involvement to a 14-year-old?
• Empathy is the ability to understand the client's world in the way the client understands it.
• Which of the following is NOT described as a primary skill for gathering information?
• A counselor notices that they respond emotionally to a client as if the client were someone from their own past.
• Which three goals are central to the Basic Listening Sequence?
• Which term describes the privileging of masculinity as the standard or ideal in society?
• Focusing Summaries are typically used
• Which term refers to truthfulness in professional actions with clients and others?
• Counseling Environment refers to the combination of:
• Erford notes that most professional counselors agree that it is inappropriate for counselors to seek counseling for themselves.
• The mental-hygiene movement contributed to public perception by promoting which approach?
• Which statement about Feminist Therapy is consistent with the material?
• In the cycle of violence theory, which phase is characterized by the abuser asking for forgiveness and giving gifts?
• Which of the following may be a reason why professional counselors resist the idea of assessing their own outcomes?
• Personal notes in counseling are best described as?
• Which term refers to the synthesis of the best aspects of several theories with the belief that doing so will produce richer and more meaningful outcomes?
• The claim that Alfred Adler was a student of Sigmund Freud is supported by the material.
• Which statement is NOT a guideline for crisis counseling?
• Outcome in counseling often requires professionals to stay current with what literature?
• Dating a client after deciding to proceed slowly primarily violates which ethical principle?
• Approximately how many individuals ages 15-44 experience a diagnosable mental disorder in any given year?
• Counselors cannot provide insights to their clients - only the clients can do this.
• Action research is defined as:
• In terms of the change stages, what stage is he probably at? Jordan says he is waiting till summer to start looking for a job after being asked how many resumes he has sent out.
• In Freudian theory, the id is associated with which principle?
• The stage of sexual identity development where a person becomes comfortable with their minority status is:
• In the ABC-X Model, what does B stand for?
• Which counseling technique involves restating the emotional significance of a client's experience?
• Which term is distinguishable from secondary traumatic stress because it stems from cognitive processing changes after direct exposure to trauma populations, affecting trust, safety, and control?
• Which term refers to exhaustion encompassing physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual dimensions from chronic exposure to client suffering?
• Which principle means doing no harm to others?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between co-traumatic effects and counselor functioning?
• Which term describes a persistent risk condition that may not require immediate intervention?
• In the United States during the 1800s, people with psychiatric issues were often:
• Which term describes the concept of encouraging the public to become aware of environmental factors that act as barriers to all individuals' human development?
• Hardiness consists of which three Cs?
• Which statement best describes closed questions?
• Bonadaptation denotes which concept?
• Which term is described as a system in which tokens are earned for desired behavior and used as reinforcement?
• Which dimension of spirituality is described as the sense of being part of a greater whole?
• When a crisis affects a school, the _______ is a vital leader in the response.
• Resilience refers to adaptation to adversity such as relational, financial, or workplace problems. Which term best captures this concept?
• Which term best describes positive adaptation in the face of adversity?
• Which term refers to actions that include influencing client-serving systems and organizations to meet client needs?
• Music, drawing, stories, games, worksheets, role playing, puppets, and videos are all techniques that can be used as what type of activities?
• Which term describes positive changes in self-perception and life perspectives after surviving major adversity?
• Which statement best describes the behavior of a culturally encapsulated counselor?
• What is at the core of a crisis?
• Which strategy may help counselors attenuate their exposure to stress?
• Racial identity relates to membership in a racial group and is influenced by attitudes toward which group?
• The Humanistic perspective of counseling is primarily oriented toward what?
• A court order allows a professional counselor to release confidential information. This is an example of which concept?